The Urvolk of megalithic culture and the bell-shaped glass

European megalithism, understood as a Uranian cult manifestation of the passage to the celestial sphere of the spirit of the deceased, and therefore as an earthly home and portal for the deceased, has a remote origin that unites all the Indo-European peoples scattered throughout Europe since the very beginning. remote prehistory of the continent.

di Alexander Bonfanti

cover: Stonehenge

Here I will summarize many years of study conducted with deep passion and great skill. I will try to be very simple and quick in the description of those peoples who in the ancient Chalcolithic age spread their culture and spirituality, still clearly visible today in their funerary architectures known in the specific forms of dolmen, menhir e cromlech. There has already been a considerable literary production on this specific topic, clearly visible in the countless libraries and bookstores around the world, whether they operate in the restricted academic field (where very often intellectual myopia is sovereign), or now they are open to the general public through much more accessible forms of use - although many times not so much "acceptable" in terms of settings and contents.

Dolmen of Lanyon Quoit, West Cornwalls, England

- Indo-Europeans, that is, that ethnic group that defined itself and announced to other peoples with the epiclesis Aryos "Lord / Noble" (evinced from the method of the lateral areas), and therefore not to be defined only as a linguistic group as some would still have us believe with their insistent lucubrations, over the millennia they spread through a continuous and intense Voelkerwanderung from their ancestral northern European locations, giving life over time to a myriad of civilizations known throughout history as Greek, Roman, Persian, Hindu, Scythian-Sarmatian, Celtic, Germanic, Slavic culture etc. (i.e. all peoples speaking Indo-European dialects, of Worldview Indo-European). But not all of them abandoned their ancestral Nordic sites, some staying for another time and perhaps migrating in small waves in later times. In turn, from other places already colonized, some Indo-European peoples migrated to other areas of Europe and Asia, creating those movements of people, language and material culture (funerary in this specific case) known as Kurgan waves, whose name refers to the tumulus-tombs present in large numbers in the Russian steppes of the northern Pontic-Caucasian areas, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. However, these are secondary and non-original Indo-European refluxes like Marija Gimbutas et alii they have always and blindly supported.

Menhir complex in Carnac, Britannia, France.

Also worth adding is the support of Lord Colin Renfrew in his book Archeology and Language (London, 1987) to the hypothesis of the Lithuanian Gimbutas, according to which '' the complex of the bell-shaped vase, a branch of the Vuฤedol Culture, continued the characteristics of the Kurgan'', which is really imaginative, since the Vuฤedol Balkan culture had absolutely opposite origins and developments (in turn derived from the Culture of Baden, the latter in turn from the Culture of Lengyel), therefore in total disagreement with that of the bell-shaped glass, the Balkan being a typically proto- Illyrian, always and absolutely Indo-European, in which those Sicilians who remained in the ancient seat participated, after the first migration of Siculi and Liburnians in central Italy, who gave impetus to the Rinaldonian culture (this is exhaustively demonstrated in my 3 books on the Sicilians ) and then Proto-Apennine. Indeed, David Anthony, always relying on the statements of the Lithuanian doctor, expounded the theory that indicated Pannonia, that is the Hungarian flat region, as the outbreak of this faces, being it '' descendant '' of the '' third wave Kurgan'' of the peoples of the Russian steppes of the Yamna Culture. Or from bad to worse. It would take me many pages to heal these aporias, so I refer to my writings.

Lithic cyst of Butera, Caltanissetta, Sicily

these peoples of the mounds /Kurgan they were the speaking Indo-European dialects satษ™m that after the ancestral migration towards South-East from the North poured in part again towards the West, finding in the Carpathian area a place of meeting and clash, and therefore of new propulsion and new radiation, as if the Carpathian perimeter had been the eye of the cyclone of the displacements of the arias. The European megalithism, understood as a Uranian cult manifestation of the passage to the celestial sphere of the spirit of the deceased, and therefore as an earthly home and portal for the deceased, has a remote origin that unites all the Indo-European peoples scattered throughout Europe since the remotest prehistory of continent. In the South of Scandinavia, in Denmark, in the North of Germany and in Polish Pomerania, different cultures developed one after the other starting from the Mesolithic and known in Archeology as the Maglemose Culture, the Ertebรธlle Culture (village of Denmark), Funnel-shaped vessel culture (Trichterbecherkultur from 4000 to about 2700 BC), the two superimposed Cultures of the corded pottery / battle ax and the globular amphora (from 3200 to 1800 BC, therefore during the late Neolithic, the Chalcolithic and the early Bronze Age) and finally that which also affected Sicily during the third millennium BC with the known dolmen and the typical material culture, namely the Culture of the bell-shaped glass, spread from Central-Northern Europe starting from 2900/2800 up to 1800 BC

Menhir of the Argimusco plateau, territory of Montalbano Elicona, Messina, Sicily

Starting from this ancestral northern seat in the remote Mesolithic, a funeral model particularly suited to the religion of the Indo-European peoples, a patriarchal, patrilineal, warrior lineage aimed at solar and celestial cults, of which the Swastika was the symbol. A people, the Indo-Europeans, whose need to worship the dead and the cyclical nature of earthly life led them to design for their ancestors a type of `` houses '' that were at the same time a "Passage" to the afterlife, a portal to communicate in certain astral moments (Solstices, Equinoxes and the sacred intermediate days) with the Gods and with the Nuncios, who were their extinct loved ones.

The terms dolmen, menhir e cromlech are of Celtic origin (Welsh / Breton) and mean respectively "stone table [to remember]" (from men-, which is only an instrumental synecdoche of "stone" by metonymy with the original meaning of "memory / thought / mind"); "Stone [to remember] straight"; and "wide circle". They are not only present in the British Isles, from Newgrange in Ireland to Stonehenge in the South of England, but they reach as far as Siberia, in the Russian hinterland (Arkaim is the archaeological site in the shape of the Swastika). THE dolmen they were trilithic structures, consisting of three pillars and the famous and very heavy table placed above them, hence the name of the structure, and which were subsequently covered with earth to form a mound, although the variant is also present '' corridor '', defined by me as a '' polypede '', i.e. a structure no longer trilithic, but consisting of two parallel rows of lithic poles, i.e. a nave covered with lithic slabs (taol/daol '' table '', to be compared with the Latin lemma tabulum), as in the case of Mura Pregne, on the slopes of Monte Castellaccio, near Termini Imerese, on the Sicilian Tyrrhenian side; or a nave covered by roughly hewn and projecting boulders, thus forming an arched-vaulted structure, as in the case of Cava dei Servi, in the mountainous Iblean region of Ragusa, in south-eastern Sicily.

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Dolmen of Monte Bubbonia, Gela, Sicily

What we see today is simply it structural skeleton, the burial chamber with inside the pits for the deposition of the deceased and the area for the grave goods (i tholoi Mycenaeans / Achaeans are a purely proto-Hellenic typification). THE menhir they were funerary markers with the specific function of indicate an astral way to the afterlife, of which the well-known site of Carnac in France is a splendid example, as are those of the Argimusco Plateau in the Messina area in north-eastern Sicily (wrongly described in the geological scientific literature '' modeled by wind action '' ', never before contemplated by the archaeological one, and that I will return to battle on this topic at another time, since no one has observed that it is orthostats). They were the menhir not graves stricto sensu, even if they welcomed and protected a necropolis in the immediate vicinity or within the perimeter traced by their arrangement, but a real outdoor sanctuary, Namely sub Divo, practically a Temenos "Air cut out for worship". Finally, i cromlech they were the Templar evolution and always sub Divo of the alignments of menhir, thus making use of trilithic closures to create a seamless cultural circuit, in which the openings to the outside could act as observation points for astral moments, whether they are solar or lunar. All host camps menhir e cromlech of any part of the Euro-Asian continent were designed after a long period of astral observation, from the position of the solar star to its rising at the beginning of the four seasons and lunar phases within the solar year.

Menhirs of Avebury, Wiltshire, England

But who were the builders of these wonderful structures and above all what were they like? There is absolutely no talk of acculturation and therefore to think that different lineages have made use of the same funerary concept through a widespread technique: languages โ€‹โ€‹and cultures at that time were of exclusively tribal use. Gustav Kossinna was therefore very right on this topic, and what is thought today about the processes of cultural diffusion and homogenization is simply the result of a conceptual aberration. It can be well observed that from the culture of Maglemose to that of the funnel-shaped glass and so on these peoples moved further and further south, first between the Rhine and the Vistula, finding the middle course of the Danube as a border to the south-east, bringing with them cultural models and above all spiritual conceptions that slowly and often due to environmental needs changed little. The carpathian center, as already mentioned, it acted as the eye of the cyclone as regards the movements of the Nordic Indo-Europeans, who reached the extreme coasts of the Atlantic, namely Portugal and Spain, passing from France and Spain to the British Isles. These were the very ones who changed their mounds into the form of gods dolmen, menhir and cromlech starting from the mid-fifth millennium BC and perhaps even shortly before.

Menhir complex in Marzago, Lecco, Italy

These populations settled along the Atlantic coasts were proto-Celts, or rather ancient ancestors of the Celts, being in part also the ancestors of the ur-Celts who gave life to the culture of the final Bronze known as Urnfield culture (and then by Hallstatt and La Tรจne). They created between the fifth and third millennium BC, starting from the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, northern France and the British Isles, this typical faces culture called "megalithic", which is still surprisingly visible today. In the fifth millennium BC the Atlantic megaliths were erected simultaneously with the funnel-shaped culture mounds of Scandinavia, Denmark, Northern Germany and Northern Poland (Pomerania); and so up to the third millennium BC during the culture of the bell-shaped vessels, which first radiated from Northern Europe to the Iberian Atlantic side. There dolmen culture in the course of these millennia it re-spread also towards the South, concentrating in certain Mediterranean areas, not uniformly but to enclaves, a sign of cultural and ethnic barriers, "flowing" then in coastal places that in the Iberian and French South in the course of history have been places of ancient Celtic settlement and therefore neither Iberian nor Ligurian, also reaching Corsica, in the North- West of Sardinia, and precisely in the cleared areas of the proto-Sardinian cultures, and finally in central-northern Sicily. Well, the bell-shaped glass followed the same path traced by the Atlantic Dolmen Culture, interconnecting with it during the III millennium BC, being the III millennium BC the moment of the diffusion of the Dolmen Culture in the South and in the Mediterranean areas. It should not be forgotten that the fearsome warriors of the bell-shaped glasses were also buried in lithic cyst tombs, which in Great Britain were found in the dolmen areas, as in the case of the well-known "Archer of Amesbury", also known as the "King of Stonehenge" .ย 

Top left, map of the diffusion of the culture of the bell-shaped glass in Europe; in the center, diffusion of the aforementioned facies in Italy; right, bell-shaped vase.ย 

Vere Gordon Childe and Marija Gimbutas they had therefore seen well about the Indo-Europeanity of the bell-shaped people and their only `` problem '' consists in the fact that they both erred in determining both the time and the place of origin of this patriarchal and warrior people, since they did not spread starting from the Pontic steppes or from the Carpathian area north of the Danube course. This people had indeed as a center of irradiation the central north-European area: Denmark and the northern belt from Holland to Germany and with subsequent diffusion first towards the French and Iberian Atlantic area, crossing the ocean towards the British Isles. , and after along the ways of the dolmen towards Southern Europe. Indeed, I would say more: it was precisely this people who spread the faces dolmen megalithic from the Atlantic area towards the South of Europe, or in Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily starting from South-Eastern France bordering our Liguria. I can also add that it is Mario Alinei is Francis Benozzo in their theory of continuuitas they found the solution, albeit through an erroneous linguistic analysis in whole, since it is not possible to speak of Celtic language either at the pre-dialectal level or after the dialectal fragmentations except in an era later than this phase of prehistory. In fact, I do not agree with anything else of the theory set out by Alinei and Benozzo, who arrived at a certain fact through a calculation error.ย 

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Bell and brassard vases

And what were the other Indo-Europeans doing in the meantime? Those who went east and south-east towards Russia modified this funerary conception in the known Kurgan '' tumuli '', starting from the mid-fifth millennium BC; the Proto-Hellenic / Macedonian / Phrygian / Peon group brought them to the South of the Balkans domed tombs, Or the tholoi (the famous Mycenaean chamber tombs); the Ur-Celtic group spread the model of the Urn Fields mounds; and the proto-Illyrian group to which the Sicilians belonged, the well-known form of cave tomb, that is, that rupestrian burial chamber spread in the Balkan peninsula and in Italy from Emilia-Romagna to Sicily in different types, as did the Sicans, who are the Indo-Europeans known as Paleoeuropeans or Indo-Europeans of the group a (in my book there are all the analyzes and classifications of these Indo-European dialectal forms, and the Sicans were neither 'Iberian', nor 'Mediterranean', nor '' extraterrestrial '', I can assure you). In historical times, the great Indo-European group satษ™m of the Thracians, settled between present-day Bulgaria and Romania and direct descendants of the Kurgan waves pontiche, built mound tombs, that is Kurgan, up to the time of the Roman conquest (see the tomb of Strelcha in Bulgaria); as the Persians realized rock tombs of marvelous sculptural workmanship on the walls of deep and overhanging cliffs, whose most primitive form recalls the Sicilian cave tomb that can be observed throughout eastern Sicily, the Sikelia properly called, and especially in Pantalica. In the Nordic and Scandinavian ancestral sites, the original mound tomb, the ancestor of all these listed forms, remained in use.

Above left, burial of the culture of the bell-shaped glass exhibited in the Diocesan Museum of Brescia (dolichomorphic skull, slightly sphenoid); top right, buried in a lithic cyst, exhibited in the Museum of Genoa (dolichomorphic skull, slightly hypsycephalic; bottom left, detail of the skull (morphology) of the inhumed person exhibited in the Brescia Museum; bottom center, plano brachymorphic skull -occipital `` Dinaric '' (taken from the text by HFK Gรผnther, Review of the German Volkes, 1922); below right, detail of the copper blade of the typical knife of the bell-shaped glass culture, and flint arrowheads.ย 

I dolmen therefore they belong to that burial typology dating back to the mid-fifth millennium BC which, together with the other older structures of the North-Western Atlantic area, is coeval of the first wave Kurgan of the Russian steppes and the Scandinavian funnel-shaped glass culture, all three originating from a common Nordic ancestral outbreak. If you look closely at a map on which the dolmen areas are drawn, you immediately notice that all those areas have been ab antiquo occupied by proto-Celtic Indo-European peoples and immediately afterwards, starting from the final Bronze Age, reoccupied due to an ebb phenomenon by the Celts proper and descendants of the Ur-Celts; while the ancient Nordic seats or ancestral areas (the Urheimat properly called) were always occupied by the Germans.

In the Iberian peninsula these structures are present in the Atlantic area and not in the purely Iberian southern slope '' para-Indo-European '' and / or '' pre-Indo-European '', if not in small and isolated areas (enclaves), and therefore the Iberians were not builders of gods dolmen. These structures are missing in southern France for a long stretch, emerging towards the border with Switzerland and our regions of Liguria and Val d'Aosta, just where the Celts of the Proto-Golasecca / Golasecca Cultures, of the urn fields and then of Hallstatt in full Ligurian territory. The Ligurians were then dominated by the Celts and found themselves within their cultural and spiritual sphere in the famous Cultures of Canegrate, Proto-Golasecca and Golasecca, therefore between 1200 and 350 BC. dolmen later are those of Crimea, in southern Russia, which reach up to the sixth century. BC, when Celts settled there (some Celts, the Galatians came as far as Bithynia, in present-day North-Western and Central Turkey). In the British Isles i dolmen the oldest date back to the end of the fifth or the beginning of the fourth millennium BC and there the skeleton and the cranial shape never seem to have changed, showing themselves morphologically unchanged even well beyond the arrival of other Celtic peoples from France and Spain: the well-known guy latenoisian of the Isle of Man (well preserved even after the arrival of the Norsemen on the island).

From south-eastern France, bordering present-day Switzerland and north-eastern Italy, these people reached Corsica and north-western Sardinia, and from there to central-Tyrrhenian Sicily, subsequently radiating largely towards the Palermo territory spreading the known bell-shaped glass, i dolmen and the lithic cist tombs, with some sporadic escapes also towards the eastern side. The funerary equipment of this faces from Northern Germany and the British Isles to the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily is very similar and surprisingly similar is also the bone constitution and the cranial shape: the well-known armband (bracelet for the archer), flint arrowheads, bronze daggers, bell-shaped vases, necklaces made of wild boar tusks; bones belonging to a tall and robust physique, greater than 1,70 m., with a dolichomorphic sphenoid skull, that is with the eurya in the supra-mastoid area very pronounced (a type of skull, this, also present in the faces sicana di Castelluccio), and with a tendency to hypsycephaly ('' upturned skull ''). I myself have seen the dolichomorphic sphenoid skulls (anvil shape) during my research work carried out at the Paolo Orsi Museum in Syracuse, observed from monosome lithic cyst tombs; noting also a very ancient skull of the Messina area, but above all those of the faces of the Val d'Aosta and the British ones.ย 

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What describe Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann, A. Gallagher et alii, and Natasha Grace Bartels (also reported by Prof. Tusa) is absolutely erroneous and it seems incredible how they could report such a description: tall stature, sturdy build and "plano-occipital brachymorph" skull. A similar skull can be found among Asians and with accentuated camoprosopy, or in that phenotype present in Europe (especially South-Eastern Europe) and known as Dinaric of pre-Asian origin, which has a tall stature and an olive complexion in its purest form. therefore not altered by hybridizations, but not between this leptoprosopus and dolichomorph strain of North-European origins.

A very important element is the crouched position of the deceased, with legs slightly flexed in the direction of cervical rotation, which varies both over time and in the region, but almost always referring to the rising of the solar star. In Scandinavia these structures maintained a continuity of worship and fulfillment until the Viking Age (the Norsemen called the menhir with the Norse word hogr "Tall / raised", to be compared with the terms in English high and in German hoch, both meaning "high") and the Goths in their passage from southern Sweden to northern Poland imported other dolmen and orthostatic structures (menhir) between the second century. BC and the first century. of the vulgar age (at the time of Tacitus). The Celts have always kept the cult around these structures alive until the Middle Ages, therefore until after their Christianization in the British Isles. The Germans have always built structures of this type until late ancient times (just before the Middle Ages); the British Celts (Normandy and southern England) simply continued the cult of ancestors in the vicinity of these structures, now incorporated into the areas owned by the Church, being their noble heritage (as in the case of Avebury, Wiltshire); other Celts, such as those of Crimea, built new ones in the sixth century. BC These were therefore the people of dolmen: distinctly northern phenotype, with reddish-blond hair, light eyes (cerulean, gray and / or green), tall, very light complexion, dolichomorphic. In short: Indo-Europeans.ย 

Note:

[1]ย Gimbutas M. Bronze age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe, London 1965, pp. 274-298; Gimbutas M., The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe, San Francisco 1991; Gimbutas M. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe 6500-3500 bC: Myths and Cult Images. New and Updates Edition, Los Angeles 1982; Mallory JP, Encyclopedia of the Indo-European culturesin Beaker cultures, London 1997, pp. 53-55 (see also Chapters TRB Cultures, Middle Dnieper Culture e Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture); Case H., Beakers and the Beaker Culture, in Christopher Burgess, Peter Topping and Frances Lynch (ed.), Beyond Stonehenge: Essays on the Bronze Age in honor of Colin Burgess, Oxford 2007, pp. 237-254; Grace Bartels N., Beaker Problem, Department of Anthropology, University of Albeda 1998.ย 

[2]ย Renfrew C. Archeology and language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins, London 1987, Chap. 3 Lost languages โ€‹โ€‹and forgotten scripts: The Indoeuropean languages, Old and New (in which he reports the well-known phrase of Marija Gimbutas).

[3]ย Anthony DW, The Horse, The Wheel and Language, Princeton University, 2007, p. 367.

[4]ย Price T. Douglas, Europe's First Farmers, University of Wisconsin, 2000; Cunliffe B. The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory Of Europe, Oxford University 2003-2004.

[5]ย Bachofen Johann J. Mothers and Olympic virility. Secret history of the ancient Mediterranean world (introduction by Julius Evola), Milan 1949 (text known in the previous edition with the following title: The solar race. Studies on the secret history of the ancient Mediterranean world, and. Rome 1940); Welcome E., Indo-European languages โ€‹โ€‹and Society, University of Miami 1969.

[6]ย Price T. Douglas, on. cit., 2000; Cunliffe B. on. cit., 2003-2004.

[7]ย Childe VG, Man Makes Himself, New York 1951; Childe VG, The Aryans. A study of Indo-European origins, London 1926; Childe VG, The Dawn of European Civilisation, 1957th edition, London XNUMX.

[8]ย Gimbutas M. on. cit., London 1965; Gimbutas M. on. cit., San Francisco 1991; Gimbutas M. on. cit., Los Angeles 1982.

[9]ย Alinei M. - Benozzo F., Megalithism as a manifestation of an Atlantic Celtic primacy in Meso-Neolithic Europe, text in English and reworked by Origins of European megalithism: an archaeo-ethno-dialectological approach, Published on Semantics notebooks, 29, 2008, pp. 1-67 (text in Italian, Alinei M. - Benozzo F., Origins of European megalithism: an archaeo-ethno-dialectological approach, Published on Semantics notebooks, vol. XXIX, 2008, pp. 1-67; Alinei M., From pre-Roman to Roman Latin, through โ€modernโ€ dialects: the origins of Lat. lumbricus 'earthworm' from Lat. umbilicus 'navel'. Written in honor of Eric Pratt Hamp on his 90th birthday (edited by G. Belluscio and A. Mendicino), University of Calabria 2010, pp. 3-13; Alinei M., The consequences for Corsican linguistics of the new theories on Indo-European origins, < >, vol. XXX, in Actes du Congrรจs "Environnement ed identitรฉ en Mediterranรฉe, Court 13-16 Juin 2000" (Biguglia, Corse: Sammarcelli 2001), 2006, pp. 1-11; Alinei M., Origins of the languages โ€‹โ€‹of Europe. Vol. I: The Theory of Continuity, Bologna 1996; Alinei M., Origins of the languages โ€‹โ€‹of Europe. Vol. II: Continuity from Mesolithic to Iron in the main ethnolinguistic areas, Bologna 2000; Benozzo F. - Alinei M., The Atlantic Celts: cumulative evidence of continuity from Paleolithic, University of Utrecht 2011, pp. 3-23; Clark G., The prehistory of Isle of Man, in The prehistoric society, II, 1945, pp. 70-86.

[10]ย Heinz Siegert, The Thracians, Milan 1986.

[11]ย Raffaele DeMarinis, Ligurians and Celtic-Liguriansin Italy. Omnium Terrarum alumna, 1988; Gianna G. Buti - Giacomo Devoto, Prehistory and history of the regions of Italy, Florence 1974; Venceslas Kruta, The great history of the Celts. The birth, the affirmation and the decadence, Rome 2003; Arnaldo D'Aversa, The Po Valley, between Etruscans, Celts and Romans, Brescia 1986; Anthony Violante, The Celts south of the Alps (introduction by Venceslas Kruta), in series: Peoples of Ancient Italy, Milan 1993.ย  ย 

[12]ย Benozzo F. - Alinei M., on. cit., University of Utrecht 2011, pp. 3-23; Clark G., op. quoted, in The prehistoric society, II, 1945, pp. 70-86. ย 

[13]ย Zoffmann KZ, Anthropological sketch of the prehistoric population of the Carpathian Basinin Acta Biol Szeged n. 44 (1-4), 2000, pp. 75-79; Grace Bartels N., A Test of Non-metrical Analysis as Applied to the '' Beaker Problem '', Department of Anthropology, University of Albeda, 1998; Tusa S., Sicily in prehistoric times, Palermo 1999. Pages 310-311.ย 

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